International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business - Research Paper Example ates and sold domestically. Furthermore, it is the hope of this author that by elaborating upon the fundamental decision-making structure that must be engaged with in order for such a choice to be made logically, the reader will come to a more full and complete appreciation for the many factors that take place prior to affirm determining what particular strategy and means of operation it will pursue. Finally, the analysis will seek to take a definitive stance with regards to whether making or buying a product is the better approach. Before delving too deeply into the issue at hand, it should be understood that such a level of inquiry necessarily demands that the firm/business entity must engage in a cost-benefit analysis of outsourcing versus domestic production. However, although it may seem that this cost-benefit analysis is necessarily something that is simple, it involves a series of steps, several different measurements, and a thorough analysis of both compliments and inputs of production as well as projected levels of sale and/or import tariffs/taxes/duties (Kisner, 2003). Due to the general complexity of this decision-making process, many firms have engaged in electronic software systems that help to keep a running tabulation of all differentials involved. However, for purposes of this brief analysis, the reader should seek to integrate with the determinant costs and benefits based upon experience analytical and non-electronically facilitated process. From even a cursory review of the make versus buy argument, the reader should come to understand there are essentially for primal numbers that the analyst must be fundamentally aware of. These four determinants which must be measured prior to any consideration being given are as follows: the volume, the fixed cost of making, per-unit direct cost when making, and per-unit cost when buying (Whittle, 2012). Accordingly, the preceding analysis will seek to engage the reader with a more full and complete underst anding of why each of these four determinants must be fundamentally understood and appreciated prior to any actionable decision being made by the entity in question. Besides the obvious level of importance of the four specific values which have been listed an elaborate upon the above, their overall importance is more specifically with regards to their representation within two specific equations. Ultimately, as can be expected, these two equations are understood as â€Å"costs to buy was quote and â€Å"costs to make†; however, more often, these equations are merely referenced in terms of their respective acronyms – CTB/CTM. Respect to CTB, this can be defined as volume multiplied by per unit cost when buying (Zhu, 1997). Likewise, with relation to CTM, this can be understood as fixed unit costs plus per unit direct cost multiplied by volume. In and of themselves, the determinant compliments of these equations tell the producer/importer little if

Cyber Forensics Essay Example for Free

Cyber Forensics Essay Cyber Forensics by Richard Boddington School of Information Technology Assignment 2 – Research Essay Assignment outline †¢ Assignment 2 – Research Essay is a submission of an essay based on the cyber forensic environment and is worth 30% of the overall unit mark †¢ Internal and external students undertake the same activities and are assessed the same. ICT248 undergraduate students are assessed differently from ICT548 post-graduate students in Assignment 2 †¢ The submission of a research essay based on the cyber forensic environment. The length of the essay should be: †¢ ICT248 Undergraduate students 3,500 words †¢ ICT548 Postgraduate students 4,500 words 2 Research not a ‘free-range essay’ †¢ You are required to complete and submit a RESEARCHBASED essay describing and discussing the processes AND challenges involved in identifying, recovering, securing, examining, analysing and preparing digital evidence from a crime scene †¢ This covers the theoretical part of the unit and should be based on the lecture/workshop material, this guide, the lecture notes and, most importantly your own research endeavours †¢ In my experience, employers are looking for graduates who possess analytical, research and communication (writing) skills above and beyond the components of the degree 3 The essay MUST contain: †¢ Introduction and table of contents Defining your scope of coverage of the essay †¢ Content – To enhance your grades, you MUST include some description and discussion of the following in your essay: †¢ †¢ †¢ Describe digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics Discuss investigation processes used to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ preserve locate select analyse validate, and present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes †¢ Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypotheses and alternative hypotheses 4 The essay MUST contain: †¢ Conclusion most students overlook and underestimate the conclusion – this is where you summarise the facts described in the body of your essay and add your own conclusions based on what you have read. No new material should be added here. †¢ Grammar and spelling – spell check your drafts – get a friend or relative to proof-read your drafts prior to submission †¢ References that are cited in the essay – use EndNote, if you wish. This is available from the Library, free of charge. Post your draft to Turnitin (see separate instructions) to ensure that you have not inadvertently plagiarised the work of others †¢ Bibliography of other reference material that was used but not cited 5 Essay structure †¢ Use appropriate headings and sub-headings that relate to the chosen topic †¢ The essay should include relevant quotations -properly referenced and examples used to support your discussion within the essay †¢ Please don’t overuse quotations (max 5% of the document and they are not included in the word count) †¢ You will also be assessed on the presentation of your essay, as well as the contents 6 Referencing †¢ The quality and breadth of references used will be taken into account and credit will be given for evidence of wide reading on the topic and use of material from a variety of sources (i. e. , Learning Guide, books, journals, websites, newspapers, etc) †¢ Marks will not be awarded where correct referencing is not used and will also not be awarded where the above instructions are not followed †¢ All assertions by other authors must be correctly referenced. †¢ Please restrict your own comments to observations about the work of authors you are quoting †¢ Your own world view and statements of unsubstantiated facts (that are not referenced) do not earn marks †¢ Please see the Online Resources page on the unit MyLMS homepage. This will provide you with some links to help you with your essay preparation and writing 7 Turnitin †¢ The Research Essay must be fully referenced where the assertions of other authors are being used and must first be submitted to Turnitin before it is submitted to LMS as a completed assignment †¢ The Turnitin account that will have been prepared for you by the Unit Coordinator and available through the Unit LMS site †¢ Late submissions due to delays in submitting assignments through TURNITIN are not grounds for seeking an extension for the assignment. 8 Suggested format of the essay †¢ Essay style may be in report form or an essay – that is your choice †¢ Use of heading and a table of contents makes it easier for you to structure the essay in a logical and cohesive form †¢ It also makes it easier for the reader to navigate your essay and helps prepare the reader for each new major concept that you are introducing. †¢ Refer to the hints and tips on essay writing and referencing that may have already been posted in the MyLMS discussion board. If you are not already making good use of the board by reading the contents, I exhort you to do so †¢ Include a descriptive title – many students do not do this 9 Essay structure †¢ Introduction – an overview of the key issues, concepts, etc. , that you want to share with your reader – some of you may wish to include an abstract †¢ Body of the essay – more details of what you have stated in your introduction – use sub headings – logical flow of information and key and sub-topics – dot points ok, but don’t over use them – quotes should be kept to a minimum and are not included in the word count – extra points awarded for you paraphrasing the work of the authors you quote †¢ Use linking paragraphs to introduce the next topic †¢ Some room for argument in your essay, but restrict this to your opinion of the work of credible authors you include in your essay 10 Reference materials †¢ Referencing – as above – ensure it meets the academic standards of the university. Suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Dean – so take care to avoid it †¢ For an essay of this calibre – I suggest at least 5 quality journal or book articles per topic. †¢ Bibliography to include those references you looked at but did not include as a reference will also enhance your essay’s credibility 11 Searching for materials †¢ Try the new iGoogle feature that incorporates SFX FindIT to enhance your search for quality articles and books on the essay topic: http://wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/mylibrary/tools. html 12 13 Criteria Assignment Structure Max marks 3 Comments Mark awarded Introduction, objectives, scope, logical flow, headings and subheadings Grammar, spelling 4 Correct English usage Coverage of the Topic 15 Coverage, matches scope. Information not appropriately referenced at best gets no marks and at worse may suggest plagiarism. o o o o Analysis, Conclusion and discussion Describe digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics. Discuss examination processes used to: ? preserve ? locate ? select ? analyse ? validate, and ? present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes. Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypotheses and alternative hypotheses. 4 Draws together discussion, highlights implications, etc. Citations 4 Used correctly in-text, provide examples included in references References Quality, breadth, completeness, matches citations, Bibliography. TOTAL MARKS 30 14 15

Ignorance and Air Power: The Failure of U. S. Leadership to Properly U

Ignorance and Air Power: The Failure of U. S. Leadership to Properly Utilize Air Power in Vietnam Major Ted Tolman’s F-105 Thud fighter/bomber streaked through the air at just under the speed of sound. His aircraft performed modestly at best, struggling to maintain its speed and altitude under the heavy load of ordinance and fuel it carried under its wings (Patrick). Tolman, and his wingman Major Lonnie Ferguson, were en route to a rail line that served to distribute supplies from Cam Pha Harbor to enemy troops throughout North Vietnam. The harbor itself was protected from attack by orders coming directly from Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, meaning the only way to neutralize supplies coming through the harbor was to attack the distribution network that surrounded it (Patrick). As he flew low near the harbor, puffs of flack began to appear, and Tolman soon found himself under heavy attack from North Vietnamese ground based anti-aircraft artillery (AAA). He hesitated a moment, then decided that he did not want to become a prisoner in the infamous Hanoi Hilton. Tolman depressed his rudder pedal and rapidly swung his F-105 around, pointing the nose at the AAA emplacement and releasing a burst of 20mm cannon fire. In doing so, he made the biggest mistake of his career (Patrick). As he swung his fighter around, Tolman inadvertently passed his gun sight directly across the Soviet cargo ship Turkestan as it traversed towards its intended target. Designed to provide a record of the action, the gun camera mounted in the nose of Tolman’s F-105 caught an image of the Soviet ship, inside the Cam Pha Harbor sanctuary, directly centered in his sights (Patrick). There was nothing that suggested any of the rounds Tol... ... Diss. United States Air Force Command Staff College, 1995. McNamara, Robert S. and Brian VanDeMark. In Retrospect. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. â€Å"Operation Rolling Thunder.† Military Analysis Network. 1998. Federation of American Scientists. 20 Dec. 2003. Patrick, Joe. â€Å"Testing the Rules of Engagement.† Vietnam Memoirs. 2003. 80th Fighter Squadron. 13 Nov. 2003. Rendall, Ivan. Rolling Thunder. New York: The Free Press, 1997. â€Å"Robert S. McNamara.† Secretaries of Defense. Defenselink. 20 Dec. 2003. United States Joint Chiefs of Staff. Memorandum to CINPAC, Definitive Rules of Engagement Applying to Laos. Washington: DoD, 1964.

Online Examination System Essay

The purpose of on-line test simulator is to take online test in an efficient manner for various branches/semesters/courses at the same time and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line test simulator is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. It is targeted at removing all the paper work in the examination process. The system is designed by keeping future in mind so that it can be used in any educational institutions as well as in corporate World with little changes. It saves a lot of time as it allows number of students/trainees to give the exam at a time and displays the results as the test gets over, so no need to wait for the result. Administrator has a privilege to add new teachers and students to the test papers. User can register, login and give the test with his specific id, and can see the results as well. This software can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction is there that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test. The current system is analyzed thoroughly and all the bottlenecks are identified. 2. Users demonstrable needs are captured and freezed. User needs a web-based system, which will remove all the problems in existing system, the user is facing. The user wants a web- based system, which will reduce the bulk of paperwork, provide ease of work, flexibility, fast record finding, modifying, adding, removing and generating the reports. A new system has been proposed on my perception of the system, in accordance with the problems of existing system by making a full layout of the system on paper. 4. The feasibility of the system proposed was analyzed by comparing the following factors with both the existing system and proposed system. The proposed system was found feasible in terms of cost, effort, time and labor. Analysis of the system is complete. 5. Database design is complete. 6. System coding is in progress.

Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits

Observing driver’s behavior nowadays, one can conclude that undoubtedly many are said to be poor when it comes to driving skills. Now there is more than anecdotal evidence that American drivers are woefully in need of refresher courses in basic driving skills. The results of the second annual GMAC Insurance National Drivers Test suggest that licensed Americans â€Å"lack basic driving knowledge and exhibit alarming behaviors on the road.† The study revealed that one in 11 drivers out of nearly 18 million people would fail a state drivers test if one were administered to them today. Furthermore, the study shows drivers deliberately disregard pedestrians and treat driving as the new â€Å"down time,† where they catch up on the day's activities, diverting their attention from the road. (Ripley, 2007) New finding had come up but still indicates that drivers still do not have adequate knowledge of basic rules of the road, and they exhibit bad habits behind the wheel. One of the most dangerous behavior for drivers is the concern for pedestrians. Roughly one out of three drivers usually do not stop for pedestrians even if they’re in a crosswalk or at a yellow light. Another things is that one out of five drivers do not know that a pedestrian has the right of way at a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Another concern that has a connection with the latest trends is that some drivers treat driving as a time to catch up on activities that they failed to do in their hectic day. Doing stuffs like cellphone chatting, texting, e-mailing friends, selecting songs on their iPods, putting on make up, changing clothes and reading. These activities are considered to be distracting and of course dangerous. Most drivers also drive through yellow lights. Drivers also drive at least 10mph over the speed limit they are always in a hurry and cannot be bothered to slow down. The most common driver’s dangerous habits are: use of handheld cellular phones while driving, not respecting pedestrians in crosswalks, drivers do push through driving even though they are drunk, driving under the influence of drugs, too fast driving when raining, not slowing down when passing through humps, not blowing horns when there are people crossing the street, too many unskilled drivers are on the road, drivers are not using hand signals, bike lanes are out of hand, drivers use to cut lines and the speed limits are too low. Its good to break the rule sometimes but one must remember that life should never be put at risk so we must remember to drive responsibly. Work Cited Ripley, Tom . â€Å"Study Says American Drivers Suck† December 4, 2007 Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://www.drivingtoday.com/sweetridz/features/archive/amer_drivers_suck/index.html;

Development of IT skills Essay Example

Development of IT skills Essay Example Development of IT skills Essay Development of IT skills Essay You are required to compose on one topic of your pick. The 1000 word-limit does non include figures/tables or mentions. These essays subjects will non needfully include stuff from talks. They are intended to supply you with an chance to research new subjects that are complimentary to the faculty. Essaies must be word processed. This will help your development of IT skills. Transcripts of the essays must be saved electronically and you must upload your essay electronically to the Assignment Upload country in the VLE COMPULSORY DATA HANDLING PROBLEMS Along with the talk class and practical exercisings for this faculty, you are besides provided with four informations managing exercisings. These exercisings are designed to assist you derive insight into assorted facets of the class. If you have difficulty with any of these jobs, you should confer with Prof. Chopra every bit shortly as possible. PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU COMPLETE EACH PROBLEM AS A SEPARATE PIECE OF WORK, EACH PAGE MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY AN ASSESSED COURSEWORK COVERSHEET TO ENABLE EASE OF DISTRIBUTION TO MARKERS. PROBLEM 1: Case Study 1 ( Professor Mark Wilcox ) A four-year-old male child is referred to the clinic with a history of a painful arm and cubitus. He fell while on a mounting frame five yearss ago, and lacerated his right forearm. He has become more ailing in the last 24 hours with a febrility, purging, and abdominal hurting. On scrutiny he is suffering, dehydrated, and hectic. His right forearm is finely stamp over the country of the lesion and his cubitus is hot, conceited and stamp. His venters is stamp, but there is no recoil or guarding. His thorax is clear. The consequences of initial probes are given below. Questions 1. What is the likely diagnosing? Cellulitis. The male child fell and in making so lacerated the tegument on his forearm leting bacteriums, in this instance Staphylococcus aureus, to come in the tegument at the hypodermic or cuticular bed. The heat, hurting and redness at the country of the lesion are characteristic of cellulitis. The febrility and general unease that the male child is enduring from is besides declarative of cellulitis. Diagnosis would normally be carried out based on visual aspect and symptoms. 2. What farther probes would you execute? Blood trials or blood civilizations. Often it is hard to place the causative being through local civilizations. Blood civilizations are normally merely positive if the patient develops generalized sepsis. Cellulitis frequently has the same symptoms as a blood coagulum so it is sometimes utile to extinguish Deep Vein Thrombosis as a possible cause. Diagnosis of DVT can be done with a compaction leg ultrasound. 3. How would you handle this status? Initially I would rest the forearm and clean the lesion. I would propose giving antibiotics intra venously in the first 24-72 hours instead than orally, as the infection is distributing really fast and the patient has a high febrility. Intra venous antibiotics used could be penicillin-based antibiotics ( e.g. penicillin G or flucloxacillin ) or Mefoxins ( e.g. Claforan or cephazolin ) . Once symptoms have become less terrible and the patient is get downing to experience better I would order unwritten antibiotics such as penicillin, flucloxacillin, Ceftin, or Erythrocin and would propose the patient went place and rested. I would besides take a firm stand the patient completed his class of antibiotics until all marks of infection have disappeared, e.g. swelling or inflammation. PROBLEM 2: Case Study 2 ( Dr Richard Hobson ) A 43-year old male sheep-farmer nowadayss to his general practician kicking that he is traveling xanthous . He foremost noticed this one hebdomad antecedently. He has no other symptoms. Until last twelvemonth this adult male lived and worked in rural Greece, but he retired to the United Kingdom to be near to his household. Other than coming to the UK he has neer travelled outside mainland Europe. Physical scrutiny reveals mild icterus and a reasonably enlarged liver, which is otherwise wholly normal. An abdominal ultrasound scrutiny reveals the presence of a 9 centimeter fluid-filled pit within the right lobe of his liver and dilated intrahepatic gall canals, and is otherwise normal. Computed Tomography ( CT ) scanning confirms the presence of a 9 centimeter liver cyst and dilated gall canals, but once more is otherwise normal. Questions: 1. What two parasitic ( i.e. anthelmintic or protozoon ) diseases are most normally associated with big fluid-filled multitudes in the liver? Anthelmintic diseases are most normally associated with big fluids would be Entomoeba histolytica or Echinococcus granulosus. 2. Based on epidemiological and clinical findings, which is the most likely parasitic diagnosing in this instance, and why? Tapeworm. Echinococcus granulosus is common among sheep husbandmans as it cycles between carnivores ( Canis familiariss ) and herbivores ( sheep ) . The hydatid cysts typically develop in the liver and lungs, which explains his impaired liver map ( traveling yellow which would bespeak icterus ) and the cysts. 3. Describe in item how this disease is acquired. The sheep famer will hold acquired Echinococcus granulosus through inadvertent consumption of fecal matters of an septic Canis familiaris. Oncospheres would so be released into the duodenum of the husbandman, infiltrate the bowel and so be carried via the blood stream to different variety meats, in this instance the liver. 4. Give a full history of the diagnostic methods that are available to corroborate this diagnosing, and suggest specific trial ( s ) that should be undertaken in this patient. Medical imaging utilizing MRI or ultrasound can assist to place the presence of cysts. Serologic proving such as an Elisa trial can besides be carried out utilizing 96 good home bases coated with antigens from Echinococcus granulosus ( from hydatid fluid ) to IgG antibodies. ELISA trials can besides be performed to set up the presence of cyst fluid, protoscolex, and/or oncosphere antibodies in the serum. In the instance of positive consequences, the usage of ELISA and a hunt for anti-8 kD set antibodies by Western smudge can be carried out for a species-specific diagnosing. The presence of stray hooklets is diagnostic for echinococcosis. Hooklets can be observed in the hydatid fluid and can be visualised in the phlegm following purging. [ 1 ] Lesions can be detected by CT scan or sonography ; a septate construction is typical of active cysts. In the instance of this patient, cysts, dilated gall canals and lesions have been identified so I would urge an ELISA trial to corroborate an infection with Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms.1. [ 2 ] 5. Describe the life rhythm of the infecting being every bit to the full as possible, utilizing appropriate nomenclature. Compare and contrast this life rhythm with that of Taenia saginata, the beef cestode. The grownup cestode inhabits the little bowel of the marauder known as the unequivocal host ( in this instance the Canis familiaris ) . E. granulosus worms are typically 2 to 7 millimeters long and consist of a scolex with chumps and maulerss, every bit good as at least three sections ( known as proglottids ) . Proglottids have both male and female sexual variety meats and can bring forth parasite eggs that are up to 30-40 Â µm in size and contain embryos, known as oncospheres. [ 3 ] The eggs are excreted in the fecal matters of the unequivocal host and are released into the environment. They are morbific to susceptible intermediate hosts and can besides by chance infect worlds. The unequivocal host may be infected with 1000s of worms, each of which can bring forth 1000s of eggs per twenty-four hours. After consumption of the eggs by the intermediate host, the oncospheres hatch from the eggs, penetrate the enteric mucous membrane, so enter the blood and/or lymphatic system and migrate to the variety meats, peculiarly to the liver. A few yearss after the oncospheres reach the liver, a fluid-filled cyst begins to develop, which later differentiates into multiple beds to go the metacestode, known as a hydatid cyst. A cestode may go through through several intermediate hosts before it finds the right unequivocal host. In comparing sections incorporating eggs break off from the Taenia saginata worm and are so carried in the fecal bolus. The sections so deviate from the bolus and stick to the grass. However, in a similar mode to the E. granulosus worms the sections are ingested by a bovine intermediate host. Upon consumption the sections are digested in the intestine, breathing some 50,000 to 100,000 eggs. The eggs so emerge, each let go ofing a larva with 6 maulerss, known as the oncosphere or hexacanth. The oncosphore is able to infiltrate the intestine mucoa, making the musculuss via the blood stream ( oncospheres of E. granulosus besides penetrate the intestine wall and are besides carried by the blood stream ) . The oncosphere becomes filled with fluid and matures into a cysticercus ; 8mm in length. If an single chows raw or undercooked beef infected with the Taenia saginata worm, the cysticercus is explosions let go ofing the scolex. The scolex so attaches to the little bowel mucous membrane a nd begins to shoot off, organizing a long concatenation of sections. After 3 months the worm grows to 4-5 m in length and sections incorporating eggs interrupt off and get down to go through through the anus. The worm is long lasting, populating from 5 to 20 old ages or more. Worlds are the unequivocal host for the Taenia saginata worm, unlike E. granulosus worms where the Canis familiaris is the unequivocal host. [ 4 ] 6. Give a full history of the intervention options that are available for this disease, and the possible complications of the disease and/or its intervention? Open surgery used to be the individual method available for the intervention of Echinococcal cysts. New interventions going available though as experience grows. For illustration laparoscopic techniques such as the PAIR process, Percutaneous Aspiration, Introduction of a protoscolicidal agent and Reaspiration. Chemotherapy is besides another option of intervention which may forestall unneeded surgery. Some cysts have no symptoms, particularly if greatly calcified and hence thought to be nonviable so may merely necessitate simple observation. Northern or cervid strains cysts are likely to be straightforward and slow to develop. Nevertheless, the bulk of cysts, particularly if diagnostic or perchance feasible, should nt be left untreated. Treatment can include albendazole or mebendzole at a low dose over a long period of clip to take any larvae remaining in the organic structure, in combination with either surgery or the PAIR process. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Possible complications include hazard of spliting a hydatid cyst during surgery doing spillage of protoscolices which may take to anaphylactic daze. Chemotherapy is chiefly parasitostatic and may therefore non be considered healing. PROBLEM 3: Antimicrobial Drug Action ( Professor Ian Chopra ) The undermentioned experiment was performed to analyze the consequence of antibiotics on the growing and viability of Staphylococcus aureus. Samples ( 10 milliliter ) from a civilization of S. aureus turning exponentially in Mueller-Hinton stock were pipetted into flasks incorporating synercid, or synercid and Achromycin, at the minimal concentration required to suppress growing and incubation was continued at 37 A ; deg ; C. A farther sample served as an antibiotic-free control. Aliquots were taken at intervals for finding of civilization denseness by an optical method and for finding of feasible cell Numberss by thining the civilization with unfertile saline and plating extra 0.2 milliliter samples onto the surface of Mueller-Hinton agar. After 24 h incubation at 37 A ; deg ; C the figure of settlements on each home base was counted and the consequences obtained are recorded in the Table below. During the 50 min incubation the optical denseness of the antibiotic-free control suspension of bacteriums increased by 75 % while the optical densenesss of the other civilizations remained changeless. Synercid is a mixture of two constituents, quinupristin and dalfopristin in the ratio of 30:70 ( w/w ) . The minimal growing repressive concentrations of quinupristin and dalfopristin are 30 and 20 Â µg/ml severally. When quinupristin, dalfopristin, and Achromycin were added separately to civilizations of S. aureus at their minimal growing repressive concentrations, there was no alteration in feasible cell Numberss during 50 min incubation. Questions 1. What decisions can be drawn from these informations on the effects of the antibiotics on S. aureus? Both antibiotics are effectual in cut downing settlement count of S. aureus. However combination therapy i.e. synercid and tetracycline together are more effectual than synercid on its ain. This is because synercid is a drug made up of two streptogramin antibiotics, quinupristin and dalfopristin which work synergistically to handle Staphylococcus infections. Streptogramins contain two structurally unrelated molecules, groups A and B. Quinupristin ( group A ) and dalfopristin ( group B ) bind to the 50S ribosomal fractional monetary unit but at different sites ; quinupristin at a site nearby to the 50S fractional monetary unit and dalfopristin to the 23S subdivision of the 50S fractional monetary unit. The binding of dalfopristin to the 23S subdivision brings about a conformational alteration therefore increasing the binding of quinupristin by up to 100 times. Quinupristin inactivates peptidyltransferase and dalfopristin precludes the placement of peptidyl-tRNA at the P site therefore suppressing peptide bond formation. Quinupristin and dalfopristin are effectual combinable antibiotics because they behave synergistically ; the binding of one promotes the binding of the other and individually their effects are bacteriostatic but in combination they have bactericidal belongingss. Tetracycline and synercid besides work synergistically because Achromycin prevents association of aminoacyl-tRNA with the ribosome by adhering to the 30S ribosomal fractional monetary unit and through an interaction with 16S rRNA prevents the moorage of amino-acylated transfer RNA. It hence follows that quinupristin, Achromycin and dalfopristin work by suppressing the same facet of ribosomal synthesis ; conveying about a ternary obstruction and in making so is more effectual in cut downing settlement count of Staphylococcus aureus. 2. What is the average coevals clip in proceedingss of the beings turning in the antibiotic-free control civilization? Average coevals clip is the clip taken for the figure of settlements of bacteriums in the sample to duplicate. By plotting a graph of clip against log to the base 10 of settlement organizing units and plotting a line of best tantrum, the gradient can be deduced. This value can so be put into this equation N= N0E kt where N equals the figure of settlements, N0 the initial population count, K is the changeless and T is clip ; the duplicating clip can be calculated. Bioinformatic analysis of a part of the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus strain Mu50 that is indispensable for bacterial viability. The bulk of normally used antibacterial drugs mark comparatively few proteins or procedures within the bacterial cell. The handiness of bacterial genome sequences can be an of import factor in the hunt for fresh antibacterial agents aiming antecedently unexploited cellular procedures or tracts. S. aureus is an of import human pathogen and the genome sequences of a figure of strains have now been completed, including several methicillin immune strains. These microbic genomes, and many others, are held and can be analysed in silico at the Comprehensive Microbial Resource ( CMR ) on The J. Craig Venter Institute web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/cmr/ ) . Functional analysis of bacterial genomes involves the systematic scrutiny of the cellular map of all proteins encoded by the genome of a given bacterial species. Normally, jumping gene and insertional mutagenesis attacks are employed to look into cistron map. S. aureus Mu50 is a Vancocin immune strain of MRSA whose genome is 2.8 Mbp s in size. Functional analysis of the genome of this being has revealed a figure of parts of the chromosome that encode proteins which seem to be of import for cell viability. Such proteins, if non antecedently recognised as being required for viability, may stand for fresh marks for the development of antibacterial drugs. The DNA sequence of one such country of the S. aureus chromosome, the alleged yycFG part, can be downloaded from the MICR3290 are in the Blackboard VLE and should be used for this analysis. Previous familial experiments have shown that jumping gene mutations or insertionally inactivated mutations of the yycFG part can non be obtained. Important information required to finish this exercising. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and written text occur in the 5 to 3 way and by convention DNA sequences are normally written in the 5 to 3 orientation. Bacterial chromosomes are dual isolated Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules. For convenience, DNA sequences are normally represented merely as the top ( + ) strand, even though the Deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is made up of two complementary anti-parallel strands. The top ( + ) strand is transcribed in the same way as the reproduction of the chromosome. You should observe nevertheless, that cistrons can besides be transcribed on the underside ( ) strand of the two-base hit stranded DNA molecule. S. aureus about ever uses ATG as a start codon and can utilize both TAA and TAG as stop codons. The ATG start codon codifications for methionine, which is the first amino acid of a translated protein sequence. Ribosome binding sites ( RBSs ) of cistrons are normally located instantly upstream of start codons. In staphyloccal cistrons RBSs are hard to foretell but recognized sequences include GTAAT, AAAGA and TAGAG. When shoping DNA and protein sequences to place possible start codons and ORF s it is frequently utile to utilize a position that displays both the base and matching protein sequence together. For the intent of this exercising merely DNA sequences coding for proteins larger than 150 aminic acids should be considered likely ORFs. A utile tool for interpreting DNA sequences in all reading frames can be found on the Expert Protein Analysis System ( ExPASy ) web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ca.expasy.org/tools/dna.html ) . Simply paste the protein sequence into the question box. Unknown protein sequences can be compared with proteins held in sequence databases utilizing the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ( BLAST ) . BLAST analyses can be carried out utilizing the National Centre for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI ) web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ ) . Simply choice protein blast and paste in the protein sequence in the enter question sequence box. Published literature on peculiar scientific subjects or associating to specific cistrons or proteins can be searched utilizing the Pubmed tool on the NCBI web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=PubMed ) . Simply enter a cistron name, keywords, or writer names into the hunt box. The molecular weights and pi s of proteins can be calculated utilizing the pI/Mw tool on the ExPASy web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ca.expasy.org/tools/pi_tool.html ) . Simply paste the protein sequence into the question box. One protein may be composed of several different spheres. The sphere administration of proteins can be predicted utilizing the Pfam tool on the Sanger Institute web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //pfam.sanger.ac.uk/ ) . Simply paste the protein sequence into the box in the SEQUENCE SEARCH drop-down list. Bacterial proteins can be localised in the cytoplasmatic membrane by membrane crossing trans-membrane sections. The presence of trans-membrane sections and therefore the likely cytoplasmatic membrane topology of proteins can be predicted utilizing the Dense Alignment Surface ( DAS ) method on the Stockholm Bioinformatics Centre web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sbc.su.se/~miklos/DAS/ ) . Simply paste the protein sequence into the question box. In silico analysis In this exercising you will utilize a figure of web-based tools to putatively place, analyse and look into the nature of any proteins encoded in the yycFG part of the S. aureus genome. However, you should be cognizant that these tools are prognostic but non unequivocal and hence, merely supply a anticipation of the likely individuality and belongingss of proteins. All the bioinformatics tools and information required to finish this exercising are indicated above usage it. You should utilize the DNA sequence of the yycFG part ( provided below ) with the tools and information detailed above to make the undertakings indicated below. ( 1 ) Potential ORFs in the yycFG part. Translate the Deoxyribonucleic acid to place any likely unfastened reading frames ( ORFs ) in the yycFG part of the S. aureus Mu50 chromosome, ie DNA sequences that could potentially code for proteins. ( A ) How many possible ORFs are present in the Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence? Show the corresponding protein sequences for all possible ORFs that you find. There are three possible ORFs nowadays in the Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. The corresponding sequences are listed below: RVEALDISSNNMSRGRKRMKWLKQLQSLHTKLVIVYVLLIIIGMQIIGLYFTNNLEKELLDNFKKNITQYAKQLEISIEKVYDEKGSVNAQKDIQNLLSEYANRQEIGEIRFIDKDQIIIATTKQSNRSLINQKANDSSVQKALSLGQSNDHLILKDYGGGKDRVWVYNIPVKVDKKVIGNIYIESKINDVYNQLNNINQIFIVGTAISLLITVILGFFIARTITKPITDMRNQTVEMSRGNYTQRVKIYGNDEIGELALAFNNLSKRVQEAQANTESEKRRLDSVITHMSDGIIATRRGRIRIVNDMALKMLGMAKEDIIGYYMLSVLSLEDEFKLEEIQENNDSFLLDLNEEEGLIARVNFSTIVQETGFVTGYIAVLHDVTEQQQVERERREFVANVSHELRTPLTSMNSYIEALEEGAWKDEELAPQFLSVTREETERMIRLVNDLLQLSKMDNESDQINKEIIDFNMFINKIINRHEMSAKDTTFIRDIPKKTIFTEFDPDKMTQVFDNVITNAMKYSRGKRVEFHVKQNPLYNRMTIRIKDNGIGIPINKVDKIFDRFYRVDKARTRKMGGTGLGLAISKEIVEAHNGRIWANSVEGQGTSIFITLPCEVIEDGDWDE EKRFMQMARKVVVVDDEKPIADILEFNLKKEGYDVYCAYDGNDAVDLIYEEEPDIVLLDIMLPGRDGMEVCREVRKKYEMPIIMLTAKDSEIDKVLGLELGADDYVTKPFSTRELIARVKANLRRHYSQPAQDTGNVTNEITIKDIVIYPDAYSIKKRGEDIELTHREFELFHYLSKHMGQVMTREHLLQTVWGYDYFGDVRTVDVTIRRLREKIEDDPSHPEYIVTRRGVGYFLQQHE IINIILSFFVLYRLCLCKKSQDVAYYFCNSLTMKSLKTVIGMNNKEHIKSVILALLVLMSVVLTYMVWNFSPDIANVDNTDSKKSETKPLTTPMTAKMDTTITPFQIIHSKNDHPEGTIATVSNVNKLTKPLKNKEVKSVEHVRRDHNLMIPDLSSDFTLFDFTYDLPLSTYLGQVLNMNAKVPNHFNFNRLVIDHDADDNIVLYAISKDRHDYVKLTTTTKNDHFLDALAAVKKDMQPYTDIITNKDTIDRTTHVFAPSKPEKLKTYRMVFNTISVEKMNAILFDDSTIVRSSKSGVTTYNNNTGVANYNDKNEKYHYKNLSEDEASSSKMEETIPGTFDFINGHGGFLNEDFRLFSTNNQSGELTYQRFLNGYPTFNKEGSNQIQVTWGEKGVFDYRRSLLRTDVVLNSEDNKTLPKLESVRSSLANNSDINFEKVTNIAIGYEMQDNSDHNHIEVQINSELVPRWYVEYDGEWYVYNDGRLE ( B ) Remark on the reading frame ( s ) and the likely way of written text of the cistron ( s ) that you identify. There are six reading frames because DNA is anti-parallel, dual stranded and can be read in both waies. It is besides made up of a three codification giving rise to three different reading frames. Therefore it follows that there are three different reading frames for two anti-parallel DNA strands giving six in entire. The likely way of written text is in both waies as two of the protein sequences are being read in the way of the 5 terminal and one is being read in the way of the 3 terminal. ( 2 ) In silico word picture of possible proteins encoded in the yycFG part. A good indicant of protein map can frequently be obtained by comparing protein sequences with other proteins for which the map is known. The sequences of such proteins are frequently found in sequence databases. ( A ) What are the possible maps of the proteins identified in the yycFG part? Three different proteins can be identified in the yycFG part. YycH is involved in signal acknowledgment. It is hypothesised that YycH maps as an adversary to YycG. YycH is transported across the cytoplasmatic protein. The molecule is made up of three spheres, and has a fresh 3-dimensional construction. The N-terminal sphere features a Ca binding site and the cardinal sphere contains two conserved loop parts. YycG proctors environmental signals and signifiers a two constituent system together with its response regulator YycF. YycF- response regulator. It receives signals from its associated histidine kinase YycG through a phosphor-transfer reaction and obtains responses through ordinance of cistron look. ( B ) Are the possible maps of any identified proteins likely to be linked to each other and if so, how? All of the proteins are likely to be linked to each other because YycG and YycF form a two constituent system together and YycH is an adversary to YycG. The proteins are responsible for signalling, feeling and reacting. ( C ) Why is it non possible to obtain jumping gene or insertional mutations in the yycFG part? The yycFG part is indispensable for viablity in Gram +ve bacterium. Therefore jumping gene or insertional mutations are non possible because strike harding out the yycFG part will kill the bacteriums. ( 3 ) Predicted sphere administration. A figure of web-based bioinformatics tools exist that allow anticipations to be made about the likely belongingss of proteins encoded in genome sequences. ( A ) How many aminic acids long are the proteins identified above and what are their predicted molecular weights and isoelectric points? For the first sequence the protein identified is 208 aminic acids long and the isoelectric point is 5.97 and the predicted molecular weight is 71765.15. For the 2nd sequence the protein identified is aminic acids 79 long and the isoelectric point is 5.14 and the predicted molecular weight is 28011.95. For the 3rd sequence the protein identified is aminic acids 161 long and the isoelectric point is 5.90 and the predicted molecular weight is 55632.77. ( B ) A individual protein can frequently hold several different spheres each with a different map. Represent the predicted sphere administration of the identified proteins graphically and remark on the likely map of each putative sphere. ( C ) Are any of the identified proteins predicted to be localised in the cytoplasmatic membrane? If so, which one ( s ) and how does this peculiar sub-cellular location relate to the likely maps of the protein ( s ) ? yycH and yycG both have localised parts in the cytoplasmatic membrane. This is because the proteins are involved in modulating cell wall homeostasis, cell division and cell membrane unity. ( 4 ) Using the information obtained above, and any other appropriate beginnings, remark on the suitableness of the proteins encoded in the yycFG part of the S. aureus Mu50 chromosome as marks for the development of antibacterial agents. yycFG is a two-component signal transduction system ( TCS ) and is responsible for the ordinance of cell wall metamorphosis. It is indispensable for Gram +ve viability, so hence S. aureus would nt last if it was knocked out, supplying a possible mark for antibacterial agents. Winkler and Hoch in their paper Essentiality, Bypass, and Targeting of the YycFG ( VicRK ) Two-Component Regulatory System in Gram-Positive Bacteria suggest happening general inhibitors of histidine kinase autophosphorylation or phosphoryl group transportation between associated histidine kinases and response regulators as a possible mechanism for usage in antibacterial agents. Inhibition of the yycF histidine kinase could be another possible mark for antibacterial agents, nevertheless it has been suggested that suppressing a individual mark may increase the likeliness of opposition. If one antibiotic is good, two should be better The usage of a combination of antibiotics is considered to give a better clinical result. This is because a scope of antibiotic spectrum can be increased, chance of bacteriums mutating to go immune can be reduced, dose can be decreased and different manners of action can be exploited. Therefore it is widely considered to be more effectual to utilize combination therapy, i.e. ordering two or more different antibiotics for one infection. For illustration in the instance of HIV patients with an increased susceptibleness to the timeserving infection Pneymocystic carinii pneumonia, due to their immuno-compromised province, a combination of sulphonamides and trimethoprim antibiotics are prescribed. Co-trimoxazole contains trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in a one to five ratio. The antibiotics in Co-trimoxazole work synergistically as they target the same tract. Sulfamethoxazole plants by suppressing the synthesis of dihydropteroate by moving as a competitory inhibitor to the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme by barricading the Para-amino benzoic acid adhering site. Trimethoprim is structurally similar to dihyrdrofolic acid enabling it to suppress the enzyme dihyrdofolate reductase forestalling the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. This is highly damaging as bacteriums require folic acid to synthesize thymidine and uridine, the two nucleosides indispensable for written text and DNA reproduction. This interactive dual ob struction of the folic acid rhythm is really effectual and allows patients to return place and take the antibiotics orally without necessitating long hospitalization. Below is a diagram of the tetrahydrofolate synthesis tract, bespeaking the points of suppression by Gantanol and trimethoprim. Combinable therapy can assist to get the better of immune bacteriums and better the efficaciousness of antibiotics. Clavulanic acid can be used in concurrence with penicillin antibiotics. The penicillin antibiotics oxacillin and methicillin and the of course happening penicillin G are normally susceptible to bacteriums able to bring forth beta-lactamase enzymes. However due to the structural similarity clavulanic acid is able to move as a competitory inhibitor to penicillinases and suppress them, therefore reconstructing the penicillin antibiotics activity over beta-lactamase releasing bacteriums. Bacterias can derive opposition to antibiotics in a figure of ways. First, the antibiotic can be chemically altered or destroyed, e.g. through the activity of penicillinases or through alteration of aminoglycoside enzymes. Second, the antibiotic mark may be altered to forestall the activity of the drug, e.g. trimethoprim can be inactivated by alterations in the Dihyrdrofolate reductase enzyme, quinolone opposition is marked by debaring binding of the drug to the mark, in this instance DNA gyrase, this is brought approximately by point mutants. Finally, alternate tracts may be created to avoid the drug mark. This is seen in methicillin immune Staphylococcus aureus where an extra penicillin adhering protein ( PBP2 ) inhibits the binding of drug to the mark ; therefore PBP2 is non vulnerable to suppression by penicillins. Rifamycin antibiotics are frequently used in combination with other antibiotics. Rifamycins block the production of courier RNA, and hence protein synthesis, by adhering to the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase, the nucleus enzyme. This action displaces the Mg incorporating active site on the beta-subunit, the secondary consequence being that RNA can no longer be held and is truncated through the secondary channel. Rifamycins are used in concurrence with INH, pyrazinamide or streptomycin in the intervention of TB and with Vancocin to handle penicillin-resistant Staphylococci pneumonia. Leprosy is treated with Multi Drug Therapy ( MDT ) to cut down the hazard of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, the causative bacteriums of leprosy, mutating to go immune to the antibiotics, so rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine are used together as MDT. Using two or more drugs to handle one infection is eff

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Terrace at Ste. Adresse essays I picked this picture because there seems to be a lot going on in it. It seems to be a gook old day outside on a patio. It looks like the scene is taken from a European depiction. The picture shows four people by the sea on a patio. It looks like steamboats were the kings of the sea. There are also a few sailboats out on the water, the sky is clear and it looks like a beautiful sunny afternoon. There are two flags on the patio. One with red and yellow and one with blue, white and red stripes. Around the patio is a wooden fence with lattice. On the patio itself there are lots of exotic flowers. The flowers are red, pink and white. The grass is green and the leaves are also. It looks like there is a four-foot patch of grass going around the patio. The fence and the lattice are brown and reddish brown. The sun is casting a shadow on the patio so some areas are darker than others are. There is a big floral centerpiece in the middle of the patio with four chairs and two people around it. The chairs are made of wood with cross thatching on the bark. The wood on the chairs is brown. There are two people sitting in the brown chairs and two people standing by the front of the patio nearest the water. The two people sitting in the chairs seem to be taking in the day. The man has a white hat on, with a black stripe around it. He has a beard and a Caucasian complexion. The shoes he is wearing are black wing tipped shoes. The pants on this man are grey and his jacket is a darker brown. It looks like he is wearing a bow tie. He is elegantly dressed in what appears to be a nice dress suit. The woman sitting is directly left of this man. Her back is facing the viewer. She is holding an umbrella. You really can not see much more of her except that her outfit is grey. The two people standing by the lattice fence near the sea are dressed a little nicer than the people sitting down a ...

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Liquid Definition in Chemistry Liquid Definition AÂ  liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consist of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds. Examples of Liquids At room temperature, examples of liquids include water, mercury, vegetable oil, ethanol. Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature, although francium, cesium, gallium, and rubidium liquefy at slightly elevated temperatures. Aside from mercury, the only liquid element at room temperature is bromine. The most abundant liquid on Earth is water. Properties of Liquids While the chemical composition of liquids may be very different from each other, the state of matter is characterized by certain properties: Liquids are nearly incompressible fluids. In other words, even under pressure, their value only decreases slightly.The density of a liquid is affected by pressure, but generally, the change in density is small. The density of a liquid sample is fairly constant throughout. The density of a liquid is higher than that of its gas and usually lower than that of its solid form.Liquids, like gases, take the shape of their container. However, a liquid cannot disperse to fill a container (which is a property of a gas).Liquids have surface tension, which leads to wetting.Although liquids are common on Earth, this state of matter is relatively rare in the universe because liquids only exist over a narrow temperature and pressure range. Most matter consists of gases and plasma.Particles in a liquid have greater freedom of movement than in a solid.When two liquids are placed into the same container, they may either mix (be miscible) or not (be immiscible). Examples of two miscible liquids are wat er and ethanol. Oil and water are immiscible liquids.

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The Principal Rules of Evidence in Criminal and Civil Trials and Their Legal Basis - Essay Example The development of the rules can trace its development back to the 16th century when the earliest juries could not even be said to be neutral triers of fact based upon their immediate knowledge of the dispute before the court. The law of evidence recognises two principal burdens that are the legal and evidential burden. The legal burden will put the responsibility on the party to prove a fact in issue. Whether a party has discharged the legal burden is something the tribunal of fact will decide and is also known as the persuasive burden and the burden of proof. The evidential burden is the obligation on a party to adduce sufficient evidence to raise a fact in issue and this is something that the judge will decide. A party bearing legal burden can also sometimes be bearing the evidential burden. The standard of proof is the degree of persuasiveness which is required of the evidence as adduced by a party in order to discharge a burden borne by them. The presumption of innocence in crim inal law denotes that, the prosecution will have to prove each element beyond a reasonable doubt. The general rule is that the prosecution which brings proceedings against a defendant will bear the legal and evidential burden. However, where the defence bears the legal burden in relation to a fact in issue in a criminal trial the standard of proof is the balance of probabilities. (R v Carr-Briant 1943 KB 607).However, where the prosecution or the defence bears the legal burden on an issue the evidential burden may be described as the obligation to adduce such evidence as would be sufficient to justify a possibility in a finding by the jury in their favour. According to the case of Batty v AG for Northern Ireland 1963 AC 386 HL where the defendant bears the evidential burden alone he must adduce such evidence as would if believed and left uncontradicted induce reasonable doubt in the mind of the jury.  

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Reading summaries - Essay Example It is noteworthy in this context that Fannin (2013) supposes such invention to empower C’elle and increase its monopolistic power within the global periphery to an extent, which might in future fuel ethical issues. From a general perspective, as Fannin (2013) argued, embryonic stem cells are the most â€Å"pluripotent† of human stem cells, which can develop specialized smaller range of cells for human body. Stem cells thus help to developed fat cells, muscle cells, cartilages and bone cells, skin cells and tendon cells, helping the human body to cure. As per Fannin (2013), owing to its immense medical significance, the industrial importance of stem cells is also not ignorable. With its high applicability in the medical field, the demand for the same is quite likely to increase in manifold in the near future. Under such circumstances, commercial enterprises, such as C’elle, may find it quite worthy of investment wherein a degree of monopolistic control on the pric e of the product shall offer greater financial as well as competitive returns (Fannin, 2013). Conclusively, Fannin (2013) reveals the dual effects of industrialising stem cell wherein ethical issues might erupt as a major

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Pre-1924 U.S. Economic History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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SCHOLARLY ARTICLE JOURNAL SUMMARY - Essay Example Though there are differences between the variables of ethnicity and race, the variable of ethnicity suffers from the same problems that are attributed to race. Furthermore, in modern developed societies ethnicity has taken on racist tones with the argument that cultural racism is replacing the traditional notions of racism based on biology or color of individuals. This increased divisions in society based on ethnic lines enhances the significance of the ethnicity variable. Ethnic divisions in society are not any different from the other divisions of society and do not exist in isolation in a society. Exclusion of minority ethnic groupings is a regular feature and the exclusion stems from innate features of the ethnic groups than on any other factors and the disadvantage that these minority groups face is looked upon as an essential problem with the culture of the group. Examples of this lie in the position of African Americans in the U.S.A. and the Aboriginal people in Australia. An understanding of the key factors involved on the issue of sociology of ethnicity and health is by looking at them from four perspectives. The increase in life span experienced in the developed world has brought with it issues of chronic illness and impairment to society. Providing care for the chronically ill or those with impairments has caught the attention of society, through the assessment of how best their needs like daily physical labor involved in their care needs to be addressed. Emerging information from studies conducted indicate that while the needs of the white community are taken care of, there is less importance given to the needs of the minority ethnic communities that exits in these developed societies. The Bangladeshis in British society provide a clear example of this lack of stress on minority communities. Bangladesh was a part of the British colonial world and economic conditions in the country led to migration to Britain, but they came

А princess Hindu Essay Example for Free

Ð  princess Hindu Essay MIRABAI: Meerabai (c. 1498 – c. 1557 AD) (the word bai in Rajasthani is an informal term commonly used to refer a girl) was a princess Hindu mystical and a devotee of Lord Krishna from Rajasthan. She was one of the most significant figures Sant of the Vaishnava bhakti movement. Some 1,300 pads (poems) commonly known as bhajans (sacred songs) are attributed to her. These are popular throughout India and have been published in several translations worldwide. In the bhakti tradition, they are in passionate praise of Lord Krishna. In most of her poems she has described her unconditional love for her Lord. She has tried to give the message that Krishna bhakti is the best way to live life as it helps us forget our desires and this in turn helps us attain moksha (liberation). Teachings: Love and devotion towards God EKNATH: Sant Eknath (1533–1599) was a prominent Marathi Saint, scholar and religious poet. In the development of Marathi literature, Sant Eknath is seen as a bridge between the towering predecessors Dnyaneshwar and Namdev and the equally noble successors Tukaram and Ramdas. Eknath was born sometime around 1530 AD in an illustrious Brahmin family of Pratisthan (Paithan today). They were said to be the Kulkarnis of the village, his real name is Eknath Suryajipant Kulkarni.[citation needed] Sant Bhanudas, who brought back the sacred image of Lord Pandurang, from Vijaynagar to Pandharpur, was Eknath’s great grandfather. Eknath was born under the star sign of ‘Mula’ in the sagittarius constellation, traditionally considered a bad omen for the parents of the child. The omen was borne out for Eknath’s father Suryanarayan and mother Rukmini, who died shortly after his birth and Eknath was brought up by his grandparents, Chakrapani and Saraswatibai. As an orphan, Ekn ath had to suffer the taunts of other children. He began avoiding their company and found refuge as a child in prayer and other devotional practices. * Teachings: The sayings of a man who practised what he preached must be of special interest to us: * Duty well performed purifies the mind, and qualifies one for Bhakti (Devotion). The Vedas should be followed as long as one has not risen above attachment and duality just as a watchman is needed to guard the fruits of a mango tree until the fruits are removed and then he can be dispensed with. HARIDASA THAKURA: Haridasa Thakur (IAST HaridÄ sa) (born 1451 or 1450[1]) was a prominent Vaishnava saint, instrumental in the early appearance and spread of the Hare Krishna movement. the story of his heroism in the face of torture is told in Chaitanya Charitamrta, Antya lila.[2] Besides being an ex-Muslim,[3] he is famous because of his dedication to the religious practice of constantly chanting the names of God. Haridasa Thakura was A senior and well-respected religious personality of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the local area of Mayapur, prayed for the descent of theyugavatara, (avatar of the era) believed to be Chaitanya.[4] As an associate of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, he is named the acharya of the holy name and he embodied concern for others.[5] Its believed that Chaitanya himself installed Haridasa as His nÄ mÄ carya, meaning the teacher of the Name, disregarding the fact that he was Muslim-born.[6] Haridasa Thakura, was a devotee of god Krishna and had practiced chanting the names of the Lord, H are Krishna, 300,000 times daily.[7] The Muslim name of Haridasa is not known.[8] Teachings: They are not teaching only by their words or preaching, but also with their practical example. It is also stated that most important moment in our life is actually moment of death, that all our activities, thoughts, sacrifices, chanting, knowledge and meditations will determine our thoughts in time of our death. Shrilla Haridasa Thakura chanted Lord Krishna’s Names 300.000 daily, and practically chanting of Maha Mantra was his whole life. But here we can see that he gave up his life air and left his body while chanting Holy Name of Lord Chaitanya, or Gauranga Narayan Dutt Srimali: Dr. Narayan Dutt Shrimali (Paramhansa Nikhileshwaranand ascetically ) (1933 – 1998, Jodhpur)[1] was an academian and astrologer. He has written over 300 books on various topics. Dr. Shrimali was born in deep inside region of Rajasthan on 21 April 1933.He was attracted to ancient Indian mystic literature and had deep longing to revive the ancient Hindu culture. He started as a teacher in a school but later went on to the Himalayas to attain more knowledge about his passion and aim of life; the ancient knowledge of Hindu religious texts. He is widely considered as the reviver of astrology has earned respect for this subject in India. Apart from Astrology, he is also considered as the one of the most prominent authorities on Mantra,Tantra,Yantra,Ayurveda.At the same time he is also considered to be a contributing reviver of these subjects as well as introducing them to the general poulation. Teachings: He preached non-violence, brotherhood, devotion towards god and to simply lead a life of a good human being. Yukteshwar Giri: Yukteswar Giri (also written yuktesvara, Sri Yukteswar) (Bengali: à ¦ ¶Ã  § Ã  ¦ °Ã  §â‚¬ à ¦ ¯Ã  § Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¤Ã  §â€¡Ã  ¦ ¶Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ° à ¦â€"à ¦ ¿Ã  ¦ °Ã  §â‚¬) (10 May 1855 9 March 1936) is the monastic name of Priyanath Karar (Bengali: à ¦ ªÃ  § Ã  ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¿Ã  ¦ ¯Ã  ¦ ¼Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¥ à ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ Ã  ¦ ¡Ã  ¦ ¼Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ °), theguru of Satyananda Giri and Paramahansa Yogananda. Yukteshwar was an educator, astronomer, a Jyotisha (Vedic astrologer), a yogi, and a believer in the Bhagavad Gita and the Bible. He was a disciple of Lahiri Mahasaya of Varanasi and a member of the Giri branch of the swami order. Yogananda considered Yukteswar as Jnanavatar, or Incarnation of Wisdom.[1] Teachings: 1.Behave Accordingly 2. Humility 3. Love vs Discipline 4. Respect for Others 5. Incorruptibility Ethics 6. Acceptance vs Anger 7. Sense of Humour SUFISM: Sufism or taá ¹ £awwuf (Arabic: Ø ªÃ˜ µÃ™Ë†Ã™â€˜Ã™ Ã¢â‚¬Å½) is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam.[1][2][3] A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a á ¹ £Ã… «fÄ « (Ø µÃ™ Ã™Ë†Ã™ Ã™ Ã™Å Ã™â€˜). They belong to different á ¹ ­uruq or orders—congregations formed around a master—which meet for spiritual sessions (majalis), in meeting places known as zawiyahs, Khanqahs, or tekke Sufis believe they are practicing ihsan (perfection of worship) as revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad: Worship and serve Allah as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you. Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. Sufism is opposed by Wahhabi and Salafist Muslims. 1. Hazrat Data Gunj Baksh Ali Hujwiri 2. Hazrat Muhammad Murad Ali Khan 3. Muhiyudin Abdal Qadir al-Gilani al-Hasani wal-Hussaini Abdul-Qadir Gilani

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay 1. Sorcery vs. witchcraft; ? almost identical terms as both use the magic spells, mystical or paranormal means to harness occult forces to produce desired results. Ideally speaking, persons pursuing witchcraft do not aim at producing evil results. Somehow the term sorcery is used pejoratively to denote the use of supernatural powers to produce unnatural and negative course of events. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] sorcery -can be learnt and practiced by anyone, use of materilas to invoke supernatural powers to harm people. witchcraft- is considered to result from inherent mystical powers and is practiced by invisible means. No use of materials rather harm through use of T supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] 2. Animism, ? is the absence of any belief in god, rather, belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies [0 Source: http://quizlet.com/dictionary/animism/] 3. Polytheism,? is the belief of multiple deities also usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals. Lead to rise in religious class which holds special powers for the devine legitimacy. Usually the religious follows through hereditary. [0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism] 4. Monotheism; ? the belief in the existence of one god, one supreme. Religious power usually only under hands of religious class. 5. Magic; ? ? System of supernatural beliefs which leads to manipulation of the forces. Usually for specific purpose such as protection from illness, misfortune, natural evens, and cure and even prevent illness from occurring. Usually individually oriented, and practiced at irregular times- in times of need. 2. Short essays (one/two paragraphs): IN YOUR OWN WORDS, respond to any TWO of the following questions. Illustrate with examples. There is no need for citations. Please make sure to copy down the question in your paper in its entirety, bold it, and then follow it with your response. (10 points) 1. Define ritual and the sacred. What functions do formal rituals play in society? How about the sacred? Illustrate with examples. 2. Define Rites of Passage. What are their functions in society? Who are the main anthropologists who discuss it? What are the different stages of a rite of passage? Illustrate with an example. How do the stages of a Rite of Passage apply to your example? A ritual event that marks a person s progress from one status to another, usually shows anthropologist what s important for a certain culture, usually in a ceremony form surrounded events such as puberty, coming of age, marriage, and deaths. Some examples of rites of passage for religion are baptism, confirmations, which are important to certain religions. This Idea of Rites of passage was introduced by Arnold van Gennep, as first introduced the idea of the transitional phase between childhood and full inclusion into a social group. According to Gennep it has three phases, the Separation, transition and Re-incorporation phases. In the first state its the withdraw from current status as you prepare to more from one status to another, usually symbolized by detachment of a individual or group to symbolize the cutting away from your old self. The second state is the period between the old stage and new stage, also the most dangerous. You haven t entered the new stage but already left the old stage. The threshold. And the thirdstage is the re-incorporation where you are not defined as a new person through a new stage. You completed your duty and are ready to reeneter the world as a new person, which can be symbolized by a ring, belt, crown, or anything else. An example of this idea if graduation, the seperation stage is when you are separated from your family and on stage. The inbetween stage is when you are actually standing up but have not yet gotten your diploma this is the threshold- your not a graduate yet but at the same time you are no longer a student. and the reincorporation is when you sit back down as a college graduate and go back with your family no longer on stage. 3. Discuss the difference between illegal alien and undocumented worker as discussed by Leo Chavez in Shadowed Lives. When you normally think of someone who is an illegal alien and an undocumented worker its usually the same idea. according to Chavez in Shadowed lives these two are different concepts when it comes to immigrants. On page 15 Chavez defines the undocumented immigrants- when speaking of individuals who have crossed the border illegally, without the consent of the INS, and who reside in the United States. so in simple terms they are immigrants with out documents from the INS. One the other hand the idea Illegal Alien is defines as the legality of undocumented immigrants presence in the United States. They are not legitimate members of the community. They are rather outsiders, but actually they are the same thing as an undocumented worker just with a negative connotation. And missed qualities due to the words alien- outsiders. Both illegal aliens and undocumented workers do the same act just one is followed with negative connotation with the names illegal and a alien. 3. Long Essay (5 paragraphs/sections). Answer any ONE of the following. Remember to structure your response in a five paragraph/sections format (Introduction, three body paragraphs/sections, conclusion). Always start by defining your terms. Illustrate your response with examples, materials from readings, lectures, and class discussions. For question 1, you are expected to reference/cite at least three sources from your readings. For questions 2 and 3, you are expected to reference at least three examples. Remember to include a bibliography at the end of your essay. (25 points) 1. Define religion. How do anthropologists approach religion? What are some of the common cross-cultural features of religion? How do anthropologists classify religious forms? What are the main types found around the world? What are the main functions in society? Lastly, in your conclusion, discuss whether you think religion hinders or encourages social change. Illustrate with ethnographic evidence and materials from class discussion and readings. Religion is a term that is used by anthropologists in order to define a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful and long lasting moods, formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothes with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivation seem uniquely realistic (Geertz). In reality the definition of religion is one that is difficult to distinguish from social institutions since there are different rituals for each religion and some ideas can be religion for some but not for others. This is where boundaries usually get blurred and non-existent, therefore unable to have a definite religion. Anthropologists usually look at the idea of religion to view the hierarchy of a culture as well as to compare and contrast different cultures and their beliefs. One of the common cross-cultural features of religious if the idea of the supernatural ideology. The supernatural is the idea that tends to be in every culture just in different ways. But usually related to two forms the non-human and the human origin. The Nonhuman origin is the Gods whom are named different personalities. The other form is spirits- these are unnamed supernatural beings of non-human origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people, these can be evil, helpful and even mischievous. The Human origin of supernatural beings is Ghosts whom were once human since they are the souls of the dead people. As well as ancestral spirits whom are the ghosts of dead relatives. The way that we interact with the supernatural seems to be different depending on the culture; this can be by prayer, physiological experience, simulations, feasts, as well as sacrifices of animals or other things. The main parts of religion that anthropologists look at are cults which are forms of religions that have heir own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals (Ferraro) which vary from Individualistic, which have no religious specialists but rather each person has a personal calling/relationship with the spirit. Followed by the Shamanistic cults, which are part time religious specialists who have supernatural powers by either birth or training. This is where all contemporary societies have their own method of a shaman. The roles that one has is a healer, fortune telling in exchange for gifts, and possesses the power to control spirits, and prevent them from causing harm. Followed by Communal Cult- which as an elaborate set of beliefs, where groups of people conduct religious functions on behalf of community, Such as rites of passage or rites of solidarity (Gennep). The last cult that is followed by anthropologists is the Ecclesiastical cults, which are monotheistic, or polytheistic religions, with full time professional clergy, who is either elected of appointed. With these cults women are usually not associated with this class. Usually consisting of a hierarchy between the clergy and the lay people, where the clergy are the ritual managers who are active and the lay people whom are passive. The main types of religions in the world have Christian fundamentalism, which have increased over the past decades, with the influence of public national and international policies. These usually restrict scientific and technological innovations. The second type is the Islamic fundamentalism and the religious nationalism where the movements to merge religions are in the hands of governmental institutions and leaders. As well as globalization by the western societies seen as a threat, which lead to safety of religion but rather brought in more restrictions. In conclusion I think that religion actually encourages social change because we are always finding new ways of defining our world, we always have people that are fighting against religious beliefs, therefore the longer we have it the more of a threat it will be and the more things that religious talks about will be debunked. We are seeing religion as being an essential part of life but its always resulting a a change in society for the better or for the worse, with different people falling under different categories of Atheism, polytheistic and monotheistic, due to new findings. Therefore religious is actually encouraging change not stopping change from occurring. You always have people that actually believe once again or those that believe in more than one god, or those that completely lost hope in religious due to new studies. > C. Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion , ed. M. Banton (London: Tavistock, 1966): 1-46 > Gennep, van Arnold, Rites of passage. 1960. > Ferraro, Chapter 12 Part 1, Supernatural Beliefs. Powerpoint- Religion and Magic.

Physics of Rainbows Essay -- physics rainbow rainbows

When the Sun's light is refracted on passing through tiny rain droplets falling in the air a Rainbow is formed. Rainbows only need light from the sun or the moon and a large amount of spherical raindrops to form in the atmosphere. The rainbows can be compared to mini prisms. The light is refracted ("bending of light as it passes from one medium to another") and it causes different wavelengths (or colors) of the white light to separate. Whether these wavelengths of light will pass through the raindrop or reflect depends on the angle the light strikes the back of the raindrop. If a wavelength of the light strikes the back of the raindrop at an angle less than 48 degree relative to the normal then the light will pass through the raindrop. However, if the light strikes the back of the raindrop at an angle greater than 48 degrees then the light will be reflected. The reflected light is refracted as it exits the raindrop, but the color or the wavelength does not change. This process is repeated for a large number of raindrops, and a rainbow is formed. It's interesting to note, that the observer has his back to the sun and is facing the raindrops when viewing a rainbow. Thus geometry needs to be just right between the observer,the place where it is raining, and the sun. The light from the sun passes over the observer, strikes rain droplets, and comes back to the observer. Yet, the Earth prevents us to see the whole arc of a rainbow. When the sun is higher in the sky, only a small arc of a rainbow cab be seen from land. The reason for that is that the arc cannot be followed below the horizon(the droplets in the air below the horizon cannot be seen). It is possible to see the full arc of rainbow when flying above the clouds in an airp... ...r than than the rainbow produced by direct light. Another type of reflective rainbow can be seen on water surfaces like puddles or ponds. After a heavy rainfall, there are lots of spherical floating on a water surface. Therefore, it ispossible for a rainbow to be formed from indirect light rays. One of the main sources of light is from light, which is reflected back of a water surface, such as a lake or ocean. If we look at two raindrops, the first contributes to the rainbow formed by rays direct from the sun, and the other drop contributes to the rainbow formed by the indirect rays (the one which are reflected off the water surface). The rays leaving both of the drops leave at 42 degrees to the paths at which they entered. Thus, it is clear that a rainbow produced by a reflected light source will appear higher in the sky than one formed by direct sunlight.

Organizational Development Final Project

In preparing his paper, you will examine how the theories and models presented In this course, as well as In the literature, can be utilized to support and facilitate a planned change effort. Your focus can be within a particular organizational setting of your choice, or an industry, or a type of organizations in general (for example, non-profit, civic, for- profit). The focus could be on a specific organizational change, for example, enhancing creativity and innovation. The action plan should be written as a serious proposal to executive management about a specific planned change effort. Discuss the following elements in your proposal.As you will see, you will need to have a working knowledge of this challenge, either from literature or company documents or your own observations. 2 Introduction. Brief description of the current organizational challenge. This proposal is from your perspective, as you have not yet engaged others in this process. That said, describe the challenge from your perspective and describe your role as related to the challenge. Current State. Description of current state to Include: o What has been done to correct or address the challenge? O What is the urgency to meet this challenge? O What are the consequences of not changing?Desired Future State. Description of the desired state you wish to see in terms of this current challenge to include the following elements. Keep in mind that this is still from your perspective, as you have not yet engaged others in the DO process. Please note that if you have engaged others in this discussion, such as the manager of the department, address that in the paper. O What is the ideal state of the organization in terms of this current challenge? O What behaviors will organizational members demonstrate? O What behaviors will organizational leaders demonstrate? O What will the â€Å"changed organization† feel like (culture)?What value will this planned change effort add to the organization? Action Plan. Steps you (and others) will take to make the desired state a reality. O Change Team: Who needs to be involved in this process to ensure its success? O Brief discussion of alignment of this proposed change with organization development values and assumptions. O Describe an overall approach (strategy) for creating and implementing the change, such as Action Research, Organization Change Process. O Describe a minimum of three methods or tools you will use to assess and facilitate this planned change effort (embedded within your strategy).Describe challenges and barriers you anticipate and how you will address them. This could include organizational readiness for change, expected resistance to change, organizational leadership. Benefits. Description of benefits of this proposal. O List 3 – 5 specific results you expect from successful implementation of the plan. Option 1 for Signature Assignment 61 5 Organization Development and Change Master Syllabus rev 01 . 13. 12 page 7 o Link back to consequences of not changing. O Describe success measures that will be used (evaluation). First Step. Summarize with one specific first step.You will draw from multiple sources (minimum 5) including Journal articles, books, and professional references such as associations and websites (this will help place your proposal within the framework of what others have done to address the challenge. ) You may also draw from class discussions and activities, as well as your own experience within organizational settings. Look for ways to integrate organization development with other leadership theories and concepts discussed in organizational leadership (drawing from other OLL, HRS, HA courses and/or 613 Dynamics of Organization Behavior). Page 8

Chemistry Essay

An increasing interest and intensive research have been devoted towards understanding the chemistry of ionic liquids over the past decade. These liquids are not any new and have extensively been used in organic separation and synthesis. With renewed interest towards these liquids, researchers have started to realize novel uses of ionic liquids and now research efforts have been spread to other specialties within the umbrella of science and technology. While research into ionic liquids has been limited to the classification as esoteric compounds, other applications of ionic liquids continue to be realized such as performance additives, bioreactor applications and in the designing of pharmaceutical compounds has received increasing recognition. Ionic liquids have been thought to be green although noxious ionic liquids have been synthesized with ease. An example of these potentially life threatening liquids have cyanide as their sole anion and alkaloid as the anions[1]. Therefore, there seems to be a misunderstanding on the nature of ionic liquids which has in many times led to the poor definition of ionic liquids. A detailed understanding will generate new insights into sustainable exploitation of ionic liquids in industrial processes. Apart from ILs being praised for being excellent solvents, they are also good catalysts especially in biological systems although they take part in highly selective catalytic solvents[2]. Definition of Ionic Liquids Ionic liquids, abbreviated as IL comprise of a new class of solvents that is mainly composed of ions (cations and anions). They ILs are regarded to be green solvents because of their properties such as negligibility to vapor pressure, high thermostability and non-inflammability. Due to these properties, new biotechnological applications are continuously being discovered. Among the biotechnological applications of ILs which have been developed include whole cell and enzymatic catalysis. While ILs have been labeled ‘green’, the label has recently been questioned and challenged after ILs were shown to decompose as relatively low heat intensities. ILs have also been shown to express some toxicity levels towards microbial cells as well as higher organisms. At the same time, it is possible to modify the physicochemical properties of ILs and come up with designer solvents with unique chemical structures[3]. Perhaps interventions required to make ILs retain their ‘green’ label could be the fine tuning so that the toxicity drawbacks are addressed. Their applications need to be broadened in order to fully maximize their benefits to man. Important properties of ILs have been investigated in order to understand this important class of solvents. However, not every ionic liquid will show similar properties as other classes of solvents. The most common properties of ILs which can be presented by this class of solvents include the liquid range which is 3000C (-96-+2000C)[4]. ILs have also been shown to be excellent inorganic, organic and polymeric materials solvents. The acidic composition of ILs can generally be said to be superacids. Some ILs are highly water sensitive and therefore have to be used in dry boxes. In contrast, other ILs are highly hydrophobic (water haters) and have high air stability. ILs have also shown high thermal stability up to temperatures of 2000C. vapor pressure at room temperature has not yet been estimated and is assumed negligible. While ILs are noninflammable, it has been shown recently that some can be explosive and this raises eyebrows over the tag, ‘green’ solvents. At room temperature, ILs are basically salts with heavy phosphorous or nitrogenous organic rich organic cations with a linear skeleton or chain of alkyl groups. Extensive research has been invested mainly in the imidazolium ILs especially the cations of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. The structures of these cations have also been studied extensively. ILs are known to be of dual functionality since they have both the cations and the anions. The most common anions of ILs include, the nitrates such as chlorides (Cl-) and bromides (Br-), chloroaluminates such as [Al2Cl4]- Â  and [Al2Cl7]-, nitrates such as [NO3]-, tetrafluorophosphates [BF6]- hexafluorophosphates, Â  [PF6]-Â   and alkyl sulfates [RSO4] such as ethyl sulfate [C2H5SO4]-.